Is Values Or Behaviors That Students Learn Indirectly Over The Course Of Their Schooling

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Glossary

Absolute poverty The condition of having too little income to purchase the necessities-- food, shelter, wear, health care.

Accomplished condition A social position (condition) obtained through an individual'southward own talents and efforts.

Affirmative action The requirement that employers make special efforts to recruits rent and promote qualified members of previously excluded groups including women and minorities.

Aggregate A collection of unrelated people who exercise not know 1 another only who may occupy a common space--for example, a crowd of people crossing a city street.

Agrarian societies Societies in which large calibration cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence.

Alienation The separation or estrangement of individuals from themselves and from others.

Affiliation The biological likewise every bit cultural absorption (merging) of racial or ethnic groups.

Anomalies In scientific discipline observations or problems that cannot be explained or solved in terms of a prevailing paradigm.

Anomie A breakdown or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or a society. A condition of relative normlessness.

Anomie theory The theory suggesting that deviance and criminal offence occur when at that place is an astute gap between cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to achieve those goals.

Anticipatory socialization The process of taking on the attitudes values and behaviors of a status or role i expects to occupy in the future.

Apartheid The recent policy of racial separation in Due south Africa enforced by legal political and military machine power.

Ascribed status A social position (status) such as sex, race, and social class that a person acquires at birth.

Assimilation The merging of minority and bulk groups into one group with a come mon culture and identity.

Clan A group of people bound together by mutual goals and rules, merely non necessarily past close personal ties.

Athletics A form of sport that is closer to piece of work than to play.

Dominance Ability regarded every bit legitimate.

Autocracy Rule or government concentrated in a single ruler or group of leaders who are willing to employ force to maintain control.

Baby smash The people who were born in the Usa between 1946 and 1965. This group represented a sharp increase in nascence rates and in the accented number of births compared to pre-1946 levels.

Bias The influence of a scientist'due south personal values and attitudes on scientific observations and conclusions.

Bicultural The capacity to understand and function well in more than than one cultural grouping.

Birth rate Number of births per year per 1000 women 15 to 44 years old.

Bureaucracy A large-scale formal arrangement with centralized dominance, a hierarchical concatenation of command, explicit rules and procedures, and an emphasis on formal positions rather than on persons.

Calling The idea in certain branches of ascetic Protestantism that i can live passably to God past fulfilling the obligations imposed by 1's secular position in the world.

Capitalism A class of economical organization in which private individuals accumulate and invest capital letter, ain the ways of production, and command profits.

Caste organisation A closed organization of social stratification in which prestige and social relationships are based on hereditary position at birth.

Centrally planned economy An economic system that includes public buying of or control over all productive resources and whose activity is planned past the regime.

Charisma The infrequent mystical or even supernatural quality of personality attributed to a person by others. Literally, "the souvenir of grace."

Charismatic leader An individual who enlists the strong emotional support of followers through personal and seemingly supernatural qualities.

Charter The chapters of certain schools to confer special rights on their graduates.

Church A formally organized, institutionalized religious system with formal and traditional religious doctrine, beliefs, and practices.

City A relatively permanent settlement of large numbers of people who exercise non grow or get together their own food.

Civil law The branch of constabulary that deals largely with wrongs confronting the individual.

Civil organized religion The interweaving of religious and political symbols in public life.

Class Position in a social hierarchy based on prestige and/or holding ownership.

Class conflict The struggle betwixt competing classes, specifically betwixt the grade that owns the means of production and the class or classes that do non.

Class consciousness The sense of common class position and shared interests held by members of a social form.

Class system A system of stratification based primarily on the unequal ownership and command of economic resources.

Closed system In organizational theory, the degree to which an organization is shut off from its surroundings.

Coercion A course of social interaction in which 1 is made to practise something through the use of social pressure, threats, or force.

Cerebral development The systematic improvement of intellectual ability through a serial of stages.

Cognitive evolution theory Suggests that individuals try to pattern their lives and experiences to form a reasonably consistent flick of their behavior, actions, and values.

Cohort Persons who share something in common, usually being built-in in the same year or time menstruum.

Delivery Willingness of members of a group to practice what is needed to maintain the grouping.

Community A collection of people in a geographical surface area; may too include the idea that the collection has a social structure and a sense of community spirit or belonging.

Comparable worth A policy of equal pay for men and women doing similar work, fifty-fifty if the jobs are labeled differently by sex.

Competition A goal-directed form of social interaction in which the goals or objects pursued are limited, so not all competitors tin attain them. Competitive beliefs is governed by rules and limitations (restraints) .

Complementary marriages Marriages in which husband and wife take distinctly separate family roles.

Concentric-zone theory A theory of urban development holding that cities abound effectually a central business organisation district in concentric zones, with each zone devoted to a different land use.

Concept A formal definition of what is existence studied.

Conflict A grade of social interaction involving directly struggle between individuals or groups over unremarkably valued resources or goals. Differs from competition considering individuals are more interested in defeating an opponent than in achieving a goal.

Conflict approach One of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology: emphasizes the importance of unequal power and conflict in society. Weberian conflict theorists stress inequality and disharmonize based on course, status, power; Marxian theorists emphasize conflict and inequality based on ownership of the means of product.

Conformity Going along with the norms or behaviors of a group.

Bridal family unit A form of family organization centered around the married man-wife relationship rather than around blood relationships.

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) A "supercity" with more than than one million people. There were 21 such cities in the United States in 1984.

Contact hypothesis The theory that people of different racial groups who became acquainted would be less prejudiced toward one some other.

Contagion theory Le Bon's theory that the anonymity people feel in a oversupply makes them susceptible to the suggestions of fanatical leaders, and that emotions can sweep through such a crowd like a virus.

Content analysis A research method used to depict and clarify in an objective and systematic mode the content of literature, speeches, or other media presentations. The method helps to identify cultural themes or trends.

Content of socialization The ideas, beliefs, values, knowledge, and then along that are presented to people who are being socialized.

Contest mobility The educational pattern in which selection for academic and academy education is delayed and children compete throughout their schooling for high positions.

Context of socialization The setting or arena within which socialization occurs.

Connected subjugation The use of force and ideology by one group to retain domination over another group.

Command group A group that is not exposed to the contained variable of interest to a researcher just whose members' backgrounds and experience are otherwise similar those of the experimental grouping that is exposed to the independent variable.

Controlling for In research, the effort to hold constant factors that might be influencing observed changes in the dependent variable.

Convergence theory A theory suggesting that modernizing nations come to resemble 1 some other over time. In collective behavior, a theory suggesting that certain crowds attract item types of people, who may behave irrationally.

Cooperation A grade of social interaction involving collaborative try among people to achieve a common goal.

Cooptation A social process by which people who might otherwise threaten the stability or existence of an system are brought into the leadership or policy-making construction of that arrangement.

Correlation An observed association between a change in the value of i variable and a alter in the value of some other variable.

Counterculture A subculture whose norms and values sharply contradict the ascendant norms and values of the society in which it occurs.

Creationism A theory that sees all major types of living things, including people, as having been made by the direct creative action of God in six days.

Credential The educational degree or document used to make up one's mind a person'southward eligibility for a position.

Law-breaking A behavior prohibited by constabulary.

Criminal law Law enacted past recognized political authorities that prohibits or requires certain behaviors.

Criteria for inferring causality Evidence that ii variables are correlated and that the hypothesized cause preceded the hypothesized effect in time, likewise every bit testify eliminating rival hypotheses.

Crude nascency rate The total number of live births per 1000 persons in a population within a particular year.

Crude expiry rate The number of deaths per yard persons occurring within a one-year period in a item population.

Cult An organized grouping of people who together act out religious feelings, attitudes, and relationships; may focus on an unusual form of worship or belief.

Cultural capital Symbolic wealth socially defined every bit worthy of being sought and possessed.

Cultural alter Modifications or transformations of a civilization'southward customs, values, ideas, or artifacts.

Cultural determinism The view that the nature of a social club is shaped primarily past the ideas and values of the people living in it.

Cultural partition of labor A situation in which a person's place in the occupational world is determined by his or her cultural markers (such as ethnicity).

Cultural imposition The forcing of members of one culture to adopt the practices of another culture.

Cultural relativism The view that the customs and ideas of a society must exist viewed within the context of that society.

Cultural revolution The repudiation of many existing cultural elements and the substitution of new ones.

Cultural universals Cultural features, such every bit the utilise of language, shared by all human societies.

Culture The common heritage shared by the people of a society, consisting of community, values, linguistic communication, ideas, and artifacts.

Culture lag The time difference between the introduction of material innovations and resulting changes in cultural practices.

Culture of poverty A distinctive culture thought to develop among poor people and characterized past failure to filibuster gratification, fatalism, and weak family and customs ties.

Culture pattern theory In the sociology of sport, a theory that explains aggression and violence in sport as learned beliefs that mirrors the degree of aggression and violence in the gild.

Cyclical theories Theories of social alter suggesting that societies follow a sure life class, from vigorous and innovative youth to more materialistic maturity and then to decline.

Deduction Reasoning from the general to the specific.

Defining the state of affairs The socially created perspective that people apply to a state of affairs.

Democracy A form of political organization in which ability resides with the people and is exercised by them.

Democratic-commonage organization An organisation in which authority is placed in the grouping equally a whole, rules are minimized, members have considerable control over their work, and job differentiation is minimized.

Demographic transition The demographic alter experienced in Western Europe and North America since the industrial revolution in which the birth charge per unit has declined so that it is about equal to the death rate.

Demography The scientific study of population size, composition, and distribution likewise as patterns of modify in those features.

Denomination 1 of a number of religious organizations in a social club with no official state church. Has some formal doctrines, beliefs, and practices, but tolerates various religious views.

Dependency theory A theory about the place of developing nations in the world economy suggesting that major industrial nations take advantage of the cheap labor and raw materials of developing nations and hence are reluctant to meet them become industrialized.

Dependent variable The variable that occurs or changes in a patterned style due to the presence of, or changes in, another variable or variables.

Descriptive written report A research study whose goal is to describe the social phenomena being studied.

Deskilling The procedure of breaking down jobs into less complex segments that require less noesis and judgment on the part of workers.

Deterrence theory The view that certain qualities of punishment-- such as certainty, swiftness, and severity-- volition help prevent others from committing crimes that have been and then punished.

Deviance Behaviors or characteristics that violate important social norms.

Deviant career The regular pursuit of activities regarded by the individual and past others as deviant.

Differential association A theory that attributes the beingness of deviant behavior to learning from friends or associates.

Differentiation, functional The sectionalization of labor or of social roles inside a society or an organization.

Differentiation, rank The unequal placement and evaluation of various social positions.

Diffusion The spread of inventions and discoveries from one group or culture to some other on a voluntary ground; a source of cultural change.

Discovery The uncovering of something that existed but was unknown; a source of cultural modify.

Discrimination The unequal and unfair treatment of individuals or groups on the footing of some irrelevant characteristic, such equally race, ethnicity, religion, sex, or social class.

Sectionalization of labor The consignment of specialized tasks to various members of a group, organisation, community, or club.

Ascendant condition One social position that overshadows the other social positions an private occupies.

Domination The command of one group or private by another.

Double standard A fix of social norms that allows males greater freedom of sexual expression, particularly earlier marriage, than females.

Dramaturgical analysis An approach to social situations developed by Erving Goffman in which they are examined as though they were theatrical productions.

Dual-career families Families in which both husband and wife have careers.

Dual-career responsibilities The responsibilities of women who are wives likewise as workers‹ oftentimes used to explain why women earn less.

Dual economy The conceptual partitioning of the private sector of the economy into monopoly (cadre) and competitive (periphery) sectors.

Dyad A grouping composed of two people.

Dysfunction Whatever outcome of a social system that disturbs or hinders the integration, adjustment, or stability of the organisation.

Ecological prototype A theory of land use and living patterns that examines the interplay among economical functions, geographical factors, census, and the replacement of one grouping by another.

Ecological succession In urban folklore, the replacement of i group by another over time.

Ecological view An approach to the written report of culture or other social phenomena that emphasizes the importance of examining climate, food and water supplies, and existing enemies in the environments.

Ecology The scientific study of how organisms relate to one some other and to their environments.

Economic core The sector of the economic system characterized by large, generally very profitable, oligopolistic firms that are national or multinational in scope; also called the monopoly sector.

Economic growth An increase in the corporeality of appurtenances and services produced with the same corporeality of labor and resources.

Economical institution The pattern of roles, norms, and activities organized around the product, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a gild.

Economical periphery The sector of the economic system characterized by small, local, barely profitable firms; also chosen the competitive sector.

Ecosystem A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with its surround.

Education The process, in school or across, of transmitting a society's knowledge, skills, values, and behaviors.

Egalitarian spousal relationship A family in which husband and wife share every bit in family decision making.

Ego In Freudian theory, a concept referring to the conscious, rational part of the personality structure, which mediates between the impulses of the id and the rules of society.

Elderly dependency ratio The ratio between the number of the elderly (65 and over) and the number of working-age people (ages 18 to 64).

Emergent norm theory A theory of commonage behavior suggesting that people motion to form a shared definition of the situation in relatively normless situations.

Emotion work An individual's endeavour to change an emotion or feeling to one that seems to be more appropriate to a given situation.

Equilibrium In functionalist theory, the view that the parts of a society fit together into a balanced whole.

Ethnic group A group that shares a common cultural tradition and sense of identity.

Ethnocentrism The tendency to run into one's own culture as superior to all others.

Ethnography A detailed study based on actual observation of the manner of life of a human group or society.

Ethnomethodology The report of the methods used past individuals to communicate and make sense of their everyday lives as members of society. Many ethnomethodologists focus on the study of language and everyday chat.

Evangelicalism A class of Protestantism that stresses the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the validity of personal conversion, the Bible as the footing for belief, and active preaching of the faith.

Evolutionary theories Theories of social change that see societies as evolving from simpler forms to more complex ones. In biology, the theory that living organisms develop new traits that may assistance their adaptation or survival.

Commutation A form of social interaction involving trade of tangibles (objects) or intangibles (sentiments) betwixt individuals.

Exchange theory An interpretive perspective that explains social interaction on the basis of the exchange of various tangible or intangible social rewards.

Experiment A carefully controlled situation where the contained variable is manipulated while everything else remains the same; the aim is to see whether the dependent variable will change.

Experimental group In enquiry, the group of individuals exposed to the independent variable that is being introduced by the experimenter.

Explanatory report A enquiry study with the goal of explaining how or why things happen the way they practice in the social world.

Expressive A blazon of function that involves the showing of emotional feelings or preferences in interpersonal relationships.

Expressive leader A group leader whose part in the group is to help maintain stability through joking, mediating conflicts, and otherwise reducing tension.

Extended family A family in which relatives from several generations live together.

Face-piece of work A term used by Goffman to refer to the actions taken by individuals to make their behavior appear consistent with the prototype they desire to present.

Fads Hit behaviors that spread rapidly and that, even though embraced enthusiastically, remain popular for only a brusque time.

Family 2 or more persons who are related past blood, matrimony, adoption, or serious long-term delivery to each other, and who alive together. They commonly form an economic unit, and adult members care for the dependent children.

Way A socially canonical but temporary style of advent or behavior.

Flow An experience of total involvement in one'due south present activity.

Folkways Social norms to which people generally conform, although they receive trivial pressure to do so.

Formal organizations Highly structured groups with specific objectives and commonly conspicuously stated rules and regulations.

Formal sanction A social reward or punishment that is administered in an organized, systematic way, such as receiving a diploma or getting a fine.

Functional approach A theoretical approach that analyzes social phenomena in terms of their functions in a social organisation.

Functional equivalent A characteristic or process in guild that has the aforementioned office (outcome) as some other feature or process

Functions The consequences of social phenomena for other parts of club or for club every bit a whole.

Fundamentalism A grade of religious traditionalism characterized by the literal interpretation of religious texts, a conception of an active supernatural, and articulate distinctions between sin and conservancy.

Game A form of play involving competitive or cooperative interaction in which the event is determined by physical skill, force, strategy, or chance.

Gemeinschaft A term used by Tonnies to describe a small-scale, traditional, community-centered society in which people have close, personal, face-to-face relationships and value social relationships as ends in themselves.

Gender The traits and behaviors that are socially designated as "masculine" or "feminine" in a particular society.

Gender differences Variations in the social positions, roles, behaviors, attitudes, and personalities of men and women in a social club.

Gender gap Differences in the manner men and women vote.

Gender-role expectations People'southward beliefs about how men and women should acquit.

Gender stratification The hierarchical ranking of men and women and their roles in terms of unequal ownership, power, social control, prestige, and social rewards.

Generalized other A full general thought of the expectations, attitudes, and values of a grouping or customs.

Genocide The destruction of an entire population.

Gentrification The movement of middle-class and upper-middle-class persons (normally white) into lower-income, sometimes minority urban areas.

Gesellschaft A term used by Tonnies to describe an urban industrial society in which people take impersonal, formal, contractual, and specialized relationships and tend to utilise social relationships as a means to an end.

Global economic system An economy in which the economical life and wellness of one nation depends on what happens in other nations.

Green revolution The comeback in agricultural production based on college-yielding grains and increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation.

Groups Collections of people who share some mutual goals and norms and whose relationships are usually based on interactions.

Groupthink The tendency of individuals to follow the ideas or actions of a group.

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) Organizations that people pay a fee to join in return for access to a range of health services.

Heterosexual A person whose preferred partner for erotic, emotional, and sexual interaction is someone of the opposite sexual activity.

Hierarchy The arrangement of positions in a rank order, with those below reporting to those above.

Hispanics A full general term referring to Spanish-speaking persons. Information technology includes many singled-out ethnic groups.

Homosexual Someone who is emotionally, erotically, and physically attracted to persons of his or her own sex.

Horizontal mobility Movement from 1 social status to another of about equal rank in the social hierarchy.

Horticultural societies Societies in which the tillage of plants with hoes is the principal means of subsistence.

Hospice An system designed to provide intendance and comfort for terminally sick persons and their families.

Human-majuscule explanation The view that the earnings of different workers vary because of differences in their didactics or feel.

Hunting and gathering societies Societies that obtain nutrient past hunting animals, line-fishing, and gathering fruits, nuts, and grains. These societies practise not found crops or take domesticated animals.

Hybrid economy An economic system that blends features of both centrally planned and capitalist (marketplace) economies.

Hyperinflation Anextreme form of inflation.

Hypothesis A tentative statement asserting a relationship between one gene and something else (based on theory, prior research, or general observation).

Id In Freudian theory, a concept referring to the unconscious instinctual impulses-- for instance, sexual or aggressive impulses.

Ideal values Values that people say are important to them, whether or not their behavior supports those values.

Identification theories Views suggesting that children acquire gender roles by identifying with and copying the aforementioned-sex parent.

Ideology A system of ideas that reflects, rationalizes, and defends the interests of those who believe in information technology.

Impression management A term used past Goffman to draw the efforts of individuals to influence how others perceive them.

Incest Sexual intercourse with close family members.

Incest taboo The prohibition of sexual intercourse between fathers and daughters, mothers and sons, and brothers and sisters.

Income The sum of coin wages and salaries (earnings) plus income other than earnings.

Independent variable The variable whose occurrence or change results in the occurrence or change of some other variable; the hypothesized cause of something else.

Individualism A belief in individual rights and responsibilities.

Induction Reasoning from the item to the general.

Industrialization The shift inside a nation's economy from a primarily agricultural base to a manufacturing base.

Industrialized societies Societies that rely on mechanized production, rather than on human or beast labor, as the main means of subsistence.

Aggrandizement An increase in the supply of money in circulation that exceeds the rate of economic growth, making coin worth less in relation to the goods and services it can buy.

Informal sanction A social advantage or penalisation that is given informally through social interaction, such as an approving smile or a disapproving frown.

Innovation The discovery or invention of new ideas, things, or methods; a source of cultural change.

Instinct A genetically adamant behavior triggered by specific conditions or events.

Institution of science The social communities that share sure theories and methods aimed at understanding the physical and social worlds.

Institutionalization of science The establishment of careers for practicing scientists in major social institutions.

Institutionalized Social practices that accept become established, patterned, and anticipated and that are supported by custom, tradition, and/or law.

Institutions The patterned and enduring roles, statuses, and norms that have formed around successful strategies for meeting basic social needs.

Instrumental A type of role that involves problem-solving or task-oriented beliefs in group or interpersonal relationships.

Instrumental leader A group leader whose office is to proceed the grouping's attention directed to the chore at hand.

Involvement group A group of people who work to influence political decisions affecting them.

Intergenerational mobility A vertical change of social condition from one generation to the next.

Interlocking directorates The practise of overlapping memberships on corporate boards of directors.

Intermittent reinforcement In learning theory, the provision of a reward sometimes but not always when a desired beliefs is shown.

Internalization The process of taking social norms, roles, and values into one's own mind.

Interpretive arroyo One of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology; focuses on how individuals make sense of the earth and react to the symbolic meanings fastened to social life.

Intragenerational mobility A vertical alter of social status experienced by an individual inside his or her ain lifetime.

Invention An innovation in material or nonmaterial culture, ofttimes produced by combining existing cultural elements in new ways; a source of cultural change.

"I" portion of the cocky In George Herbert Mead's view, the spontaneous or impulsive portion of the self.

IQ (intelligence caliber) test A standardized set of questions or problems designed to measure exact and numerical knowledge and reasoning.

"Iron law of oligarchy" In Robert Michels' view, the idea that ability in an system tends to go full-bodied in the hands of a modest group of leaders.

Keynesian economic science The economic theory advanced by John Maynard Keynes, which holds that regime intervention, through deficit spending, may exist necessary to maintain high levels of employment.

Kinship Socially defined family relationships, including those based on common parentage, marriage, or adoption.

Labeling theory A theory of deviance that focuses on the procedure past which some people are labeled deviant by other people (and thus take on deviant identities) rather than on the nature of the behavior itself.

Labor-market partitioning The beingness of two or more distinct labor markets, one of which is open up only to individuals of a particular gender or ethnicity.

Laissez-faire economics The economic theory advanced past Adam Smith, which holds that the economic organisation develops and functions all-time when left to market forces, without government intervention.

Language Spoken or written symbols combined into a system and governed past rules.

Latent function The unintended and/or unrecognized role or upshot of some thing or procedure in a social system.

Police The arrangement of formalized rules established past political government and backed by the power of the state for the purpose of controlling or regulating social beliefs.

Learning theory In psychology, the theory that specific human behaviors are acquired or forgotten as a result of the rewards or punishments associated with them.

Legal protection The protection of minority-group members through the official policy of a governing unit.

Legitimate In reference to power, the sense by people in a situation that those who are exercising power have the right to practice then.

Lesbian A woman who is emotionally, erotically, and physically attracted to other women.

Life chances The probabilities of an individual having access to or failing to accept access to various opportunities or difficulties in social club.

Life form The biological and social sequence of birth, growing upwardly, maturity, aging, and death.

Life-course analysis An examination of the means in which different stages of life influence socialization and behavior.

Life expectancy The average years of life anticipated for people born in a particular yr.

Life-style Family, child-bearing, and educational attitudes and practices; personal values; type of residence; consumer, political, and borough behavior; religion.

Life table A statistical table that presents the death charge per unit and life expectancy of each of a serial of age-sex categories for a particular population.

Line job A task that is office of the central operations of an system rather than one that provides support services for the operating structure.

Lobbying The process of trying to influence political decisions so they will be favorable to one'south interests and goals.

Location In Kanter'due south view, a person'south position in an organization with respect to having control over conclusion making.

Looking-drinking glass self The sense of self an individual derives from the fashion others view and care for him or her.

Macro level An analysis of societies that focuses on big-scale institutions, structures, and processes.

Magic According to Malinowski, "a practical art consisting of acts which are only means to a definite end expected to follow."

Manifest role The intended role or result of some thing or process in a social organization.

Marriage A social institution that recognizes and approves the sexual spousal relationship of ii or more individuals and includes a set of mutual rights and obligations.

Matrimony rate Number of marriages in a yr per 1000 single women 15 to 44 years old.

Marriage squeeze A situation in which the eligible individuals of 1 sex outnumber the supply of potential wedlock partners of the other sex.

Marxian approach A theory that uses the ideas of Karl Marx and stresses the importance of class struggle centered around the social relations of economical production.

Mass hysteria Widely felt fearfulness and anxiety.

Mass media Widely disseminated forms of advice, such as books, magazines, radio, television, and movies.

Matthew result The social process whereby one advantage an private has is likely to lead to boosted advantages.

Mean, arithmetic The sum of a prepare of mathematical values divided by the number of values; a measure of fundamental tendency in a serial of information.

Median The number that cuts a distribution of figures in half; a positional measure of central tendency in a series of data.

Medicaid A federal-country matching programme that provides medical aid to certain low income persons.

Medicare A federal health insurance program. Individuals are eligible if they receive Social Security benefits, federal disability benefits, or sometimes if they have cease-stage kidney illness.

"Me" portion of the self In George Herbert Mead'due south view, the portion of the self that brings the influence of others into the individual's consciousness.

Method of comparison An approach that compares i subgroup or society with some other one for the purpose of understanding social differences.

Methodology The rules, principles, and practices that guide the collection of testify and the conclusions drawn from information technology.

Metropolitan Statistical Expanse (MSA) A geographical expanse containing either one urban center with fifty,000 or more than residents or an urban area of at to the lowest degree fifty,000 inhabitants and a full population of at least 100,000 (except in New England where the required full is 75,000).

Micro level An analysis of societies that focuses on pocket-size process, such as how individuals collaborate and how they adhere meanings to the social actions of others.

Migration The relatively permanent movement of people from one area to another.

Millenarian movements Social movements based on the expectation that society will be suddenly transformed through supernatural intervention.

Minority grouping Any recognizable racial, religious, ethnic, or social group that suffers from some disadvantage resulting from the action of a dominant group with college social condition and greater privileges.

Mode The value that occurs most often in a serial of mathematical values.

Modeling Copying the behavior of admired people.

Modernization The economic and social transformation that occurs when a traditional agricultural gild becomes highly industrialized.

Monopoly The sectional control of a item industry, market, service, or commodity by a single organization.

Mores Strongly held social norms, a violation of which causes a sense of moral outrage.

Mortality rate The number of deaths per 1000 in a population.

Multinational corporation A corporation that locates its operations in a number of nations.

Multiple-nuclei theory A theory of urban development holding that cities develop effectually a number of unlike centers, each with its ain special activities.

Nation A relatively autonomous political grouping that usually shares a common language and a particular geography.

Nation-state A social organization in which political say-so overlaps a cultural and geographical community.

Negative sanctions Deportment intended to deter or punish unwanted social behaviors.

Negotiation A form of social interaction in which ii or more parties in conflict or contest arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement.

Network Run into Social network.

Nomadic Societies that move their residences from place to place.

Nonverbal communication Visual and other meaningful symbols that do non apply language.

Norm A shared rule nearly acceptable or unacceptable social behavior.

Normal science A term used by Kuhn to depict research based on one or more past scientific achievements that are accepted as a useful foundation for further study.

Nuclear family unit A family unit form consisting of a married couple and their children.

Objectivity Procedures researchers follow to minimize distortions in observation or interpretation due to personal or social values.

Occupation A position in the world of work that involves specialized noesis and activities.

Occupational segregation The concentration of workers by gender or ethnicity into sure jobs but not others.

Oligarchy The rule of the many by the few.

Oligopoly The command of a detail manufacture, market, service, or commodity by a few large organizations.

Open up system In organizational theory, the degree to which an arrangement is open up to and dependent on its environment.

Operationalization In enquiry, the actual procedures or operations conducted to mensurate a variable.

Opportunity In an organization, the potential that a particular position contains for the expansion of work responsibilities and rewards.

Organisation A social group deliberately formed to pursue certain values and goals.

Organizational ritualism A form of behavior in organizations, peculiarly in bureaucracies, in which people follow the rules and regulations so closely that they forget the purpose of those rules and regulations.

Organizational waste product The inefficient use of ideas, expertise, money, or material in an arrangement.

Panic A frightened response by an amass of people to an immediate threat.

Paradigm In the sociology of scientific discipline, a coherent tradition of scientific law, theory, and assumptions that forms a distinct approach to problems.

Parallel marriage When husband and married woman both work and share household tasks.

Participant observation A research method in which the researcher does observation while taking role in the activities of the social group existence studied.

Pastoral societies Societies in which the raising and herding of animals such as sheep, goats, and cows is the primary means of subsistence.

Patriarchal family A form of family organization in which the father is the formal head of the family.

Peer grouping Friends and assembly of nigh the same age and social condition.

Play Spontaneous activity undertaken freely for its own sake yet governed by rules and oft characterized by an element of make-believe.

Pluralism In indigenous relations, the status that exists when both bulk and minority groups value their distinct cultural identities, and at the same time seek economic and political unity. In political sociology, the view that society is composed of competing interest groups, with power diffused amidst them.

Policy research Enquiry designed to appraise alternative possibilities for public or social action, in terms of their costs and/or consequences.

Political economy model A theory of land use that emphasizes the role of political and economic interests.

Political social club The institutionalized system of acquiring and exercising power.

Party An organized group of people that seeks to control or influence political decisions through legal means.

Population In demography, all the people living in a given geographic area. In research, the total number of cases with a particular feature.

Population exclusion The efforts of a society to preclude ethnically unlike groups from joining information technology.

Population transfer The efforts of a dominant ethnic group to move or remove members of a minority ethnic group from a item area.

Positive sanctions Rewards for socially desired behavior.

Positivist An arroyo to explaining human activity that does not take into account the private's interpretation of the situation.

Postindustrial guild A term used by Daniel Bell to refer to societies organized around knowledge and planning rather than effectually industrial production.

Power The chapters of an individual group to control or influence the behavior of others, even in the face of opposition.

Ability elite According to Mills, a closely continued group of the corporate rich, political leaders, and military commanders who decide well-nigh cardinal social and political issues.

Prejudice A "prejudged" unfavorable attitude toward the members of a particular group, who are assumed to possess negative traits.

Prestige A social recognition, respect, and deference accorded individuals or groups based on their social status.

Primary deviance Deviant behavior that is invisible to others, curt- lived, or unimportant, and therefore does non contribute to the public labeling of an individual every bit existence deviant.

Primary economic sector The sector of an economy in which natural resources are gathered or extracted.

Principal group A social grouping characterized by frequent contiguous interaction, the commitment and emotional ties members experience for one another, and relative permanence.

Principle of cumulative advantage A process whereby the positive features of some institutions help to generate further benefits for them.

Privatization The tendency of families in industrial societies to turn abroad from the community and workplace toward a main focus on privacy, domesticity, and intimacy.

Processes of socialization Those interactions that convey to persons being socialized how they are to speak, conduct, recall, and feel.

Profession AIR occupation that rests on a theoretical body of knowledge and thus requires specialized preparation usually recognized by the granting of a degree or credential.

Projection A psychological process of attributing ones own unacceptable feelings or desires to other people to avoid guilt and self-blame.

Belongings The rights and obligations a group or private has in relation to an object, resources, or activity.

Proposition A statement about how variables are related to each other.

Prostitution The selling of sexual favors.

Race A classification of humans into groups based on distinguishable physical characteristics that may form the basis for meaning social identities.

Racism The institutionalized domination of one racial group by another.

Random sample A sample of units fatigued from a larger population in such a way that every unit of measurement has a known and equal run a risk of being selected.

Range The total spread of values in a set of figures .

Rank Place in a social hierarchy.

Rank differentiation See Differentiation, rank.

Rape A completed sexual assault past a male, normally upon a female, although sometimes upon some other male person.

Rate of natural increase The difference between birth and decease rates, excluding immigration.

Rationalization The process of subjecting social relationships to calculation and assistants.

Existent values The values people consider truly important, as evident in their behavior and how they spend their time and coin.

Rebellion In anomie theory, a class of deviance that occurs when individuals reject culturally valued means and goals and substitute new means and goals. In political sociology, the expression of opposition to an established authority.

Reference group A social group whose standards and opinions are used by an individual to help define or evaluate beliefs, values, and behaviors.

Reform movement A blazon of social movement that accepts the status quo but seeks sure specific social reforms.

Regressive motion A type of social motion whose aim is to motility the social globe back to where members believe information technology was at an earlier time.

Relative poverty The condition of having much less income than the average person in society, even if one tin can afford the necessities of life.

Religion A set up of shared beliefs and rituals common to a special customs and focusing on the sacred and supernatural.

Religious move An organized religious group with the primary goal of changing existing religious institutions.

Research and evolution (R&D) Investments in bones enquiry and in the practical application of bones research discoveries.

Inquiry pattern The specific plan for conducting a research study, including sampling, measurement, and data assay.

Resocialization The process of socializing people away from a grouping or activity in which they are involved.

Resource mobilization theory The theory that social movements are affected by their ability to marshal diverse key resources.

Retreatism In anomie theory, a form of deviance that occurs when individuals abandon culturally valued means and goals.

Revolution A large-calibration change in the political leadership of a society and the restructuring of major features of that social club.

Revolutionary move A type of social movement whose aim is to reorganize existing guild completely.

Riot A subversive and sometimes vehement collective outburst.

Rising expectations A situation in which people feel that by hardships should not have to be suffered in the future.

Ritual In the folklore of religion, the rules of conduct concerning behavior in the presence of the sacred. Intended to produce feelings of reverence, awe, and group identity.

Ritualism In anomie theory, a class of deviance in which individuals lose sight of socially valued goals merely suit closely to socially prescribed means.

Rival hypothesis An caption that competes with the original hypothesis in a report.

Role To functionalists, the culturally prescribed and socially patterned behaviors associated with particular social positions. For interactionists, the attempt to mesh the demands of a social position with one'south own identity.

Role accumulation Adding more statuses and roles to the ones an individual already has.

Function conflict A situation in which two or more social roles make incompatible demands on a person.

Role exit The procedure of leaving a role that is central to i's identity and edifice an identity in a new role while also taking into business relationship one'due south prior part.

Function expectations Usually shared norms most how a person is supposed to behave in a particular role.

Role performance The behaviors of a person performing a certain social role.

Role prepare The cluster of roles that accompanies a detail condition.

Rowdyism Generalized interpersonal violence or property destruction occurring at spectator events.

Ruling class A small class that controls the ways of economic production and dominates political decisions.

Rumor A study that is passed informally from one person to another without firm evidence.

Sample survey A systematic method of collecting information from respondents, using personal interviews or written questionnaires.

Sanction A social reward or punishment for approved or disapproved behavior; tin can be positive or negative, formal or breezy.

Scapegoating Blaming a convenient merely innocent person or group for i's trouble or guilt.

Schooling Formal education.

Science An approach used to obtain reliable knowledge most the physical and social worlds, based on systematic empirical observations; the knowledge so obtained.

Scientific productivity Making new discoveries, confirming or disconfirming theoretical hypotheses through experimentation and other types of enquiry, and publishing the results of that research.

Scientific revolution The dramatic overthrow of one intellectual paradigm past another.

Secondary deviance Behavior discovered past others and publicly labeled by them every bit deviant.

Secondary economic sector The sector of an economy in which raw materials are turned into manufactured goods.

Secondary group A social group bound together for the accomplishment of mutual tasks, with few emotional ties amidst members.

Sect An exclusive, highly cohesive group of ascetic religious believers. Sects usually concluding longer and are more than institutionalized than cults.

Sector theory A theory of urban evolution explaining that cities develop in wedge-shaped patterns post-obit transportation systems.

Secularization The erosion of belief in the supernatural. Includes a growing respect for rationality, cultural and religious pluralism, tolerance of moral ambiguity, faith in education, and conventionalities in civil rights, the rule of law, and due process.

Self-fulfilling prophecy A belief or prediction about a person or situation that influences that person or situation in such a way that the conventionalities or prediction comes truthful.

Sex The biological stardom of existence male or female.

Sibling A brother or sister.

Social categories Groups of people who may not collaborate just who share sure social characteristics or statuses.

Social change A modification or transformation in the mode society is organized.

Social class A group'due south position in a social hierarchy based on prestige and/or property buying.

Social construction of reality The process of socially creating definitions of situations and so that they announced to be natural.

Social control The relatively patterned and systematic ways in which society guides and restrains individual behaviors so that people act in predictable and desirable means.

Social forces The social structures and culture individuals confront in a club.

Social inequality The existence of unequal opportunities or rewards for people in different social positions.

Social interaction The ways people bear in relation to i another by means of language, gestures, and symbols.

Socialist societies Societies in which productive resources are owned and controlled by the state rather than by individuals.

Socialization The process of preparing newcomers to become members of an existing social group by helping them to learn the attitudes and behaviors that are considered advisable.

Social learning theory A form of learning theory suggesting that people learn through observation and false, even though they are not rewarded or punished for certain behaviors.

Social mobility The motility from ane status to another within a stratified society.

Social motion A group of people who work together to guide or suppress item changes in the manner society is organized.

Social network A set of interdependent relations or links betwixt individuals.

Social psychology The scientific study of how individual behavior is socially influenced.

Social relations of production The organization of economic life on the footing of owning or not owning the ways of product, purchasing or selling labor ability, and controlling or not controlling other people's labor power.

Social sciences Disciplines related to sociology that study human activity and advice, including psychology, anthropology, economics, political science.

Social stratification The fairly permanent ranking of positions in a order in terms of unequal power, prestige, or privilege.

Social structure Recurrent and patterned relationships among individuals, organizations, nations, or other social units.

Order A group of people with a shared and somewhat distinct civilisation who alive in a defined territory, feel some unity as a group, and run into themselves as distinct from other peoples.

Sociobiology The scientific study of the biological ground for human beliefs.

Socioeconomic status (SES) An alphabetize of social status that considers a person's occupation, instruction, and income as measures of social status.

Folklore The study and analysis of patterned social relationships in modern societies.

Sovereignty The authority claimed by a state to maintain a legal system, use coercive power to secure obedience, and maintain its independence from other states.

Sponsored mobility A pattern in which certain children are selected at an early historic period for academic and university education and are thus helped to attain higher social status.

Sport A grade of game in which the result is affected by physical skill.

Staff job In an organization, an informational or administrative task that supports the manufacturing, production, selling, or other primary activities of the system.

Phase theory A theory suggesting that nations go through various systematic stages of development.

State The institutionalized, legal organization of power within territorial limits.

State sector The sector of the economic system controlled by local, state, or federal governments that supplies goods and services under direct contract to that state.

Country terrorism The use of torture, decease squads, and disappearances past political states to intimidate citizens.

Status A socially defined position in social club that carries with it certain prescribed rights, obligations, and expected behaviors.

Status-attainment model A view of social mobility suggesting the importance of father's education, male parent's occupation, son'south education, and son's first task for a man's adult status. (Early enquiry was based merely on men.)

Status group People who share a social identity based on similar values and life-styles.

Status inconsistency May occur when an individual occupies two or more unequal statuses in a order.

Stigmatization The process of spoiling a person'south identity by labeling him or her in a negative way.

Structural alter Demographic, economical, and rank-society changes in a lodge.

Structural-functional perspective One of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology, developed by Talcott Parsons: focuses on how the various parts of order fit together or adjust to maintain the equilibrium of the whole.

Subculture A distinguishable grouping that shares a number of features with the dominant civilisation within which it exists while likewise having unique features such as language, customs, or values.

Subjective meanings The values and interpretations individuals place on their life situations and experiences; may vary from person to person.

Subjective social class A person's own perception of his or her class position.

Suburb A adequately modest community within an urban area that includes a central city.

Sunbelt The area south of the 37th parallel in the United States, including Clark County in Nevada.

Superego In Freudian theory, the part of the personality structure that upholds the norms of order.

Symbol Any object or sign that evokes a shared social response.

Symbolic interaction Interaction that relies on shared symbols such every bit language.

Symbolic interactionism An interpretive perspective, inspired past the work of George Herbert Mead, maxim that individuals acquire meanings through interaction with others and then organize their lives around these socially created meanings.

Taboo A strongly prohibited social do; the strongest form of social norm.

Technological determinism The belief that technological development shapes social life in rather fixed means.

Technology The applied applications of scientific noesis.

Tension release theory A theory suggesting that sport serves as a form of social safety valve, assuasive individuals to vent their seething aggressions.

Terrorism An assail on people designed to frighten guild and force it to see the terrorists' demands.

Third economical sector The sector of an economic system that offers services to individuals every bit well as to business.

Theoretical approach A set of guiding ideas.

Theory A system of orienting ideas, concepts, and relationships that provides a manner of organizing the appreciable world.

Theory Ten A view of organizational beliefs suggesting that people hate their jobs, desire to avoid responsibility, resist change, and do non care about organizational needs.

Theory Y A view of organizational behavior suggesting that people have the desire to work, to be creative, and to have responsibility for their jobs and for the organization.

Theory Z A class of organizational culture that values long-term employment, trust, and close personal relationships between workers and managers.

Total fertility rate An judge of the average number of children that would be born to each woman over her reproductive life if current age-specific nascency rates remained constant.

Total institution A place where people spend 24 hours of every twenty-four hours for an extended part of their lives, cutting off from the residue of society and tightly controlled by the people in charge.

Totalitarianism A form of autocracy that involves the use of country power to control and regulate all phases of life.

Tournament selection An educational blueprint in which a continual procedure of selection serves to weed out candidates; winners motility on to the next circular of choice and losers are eliminated from the competition.

Tracking The practice of grouping students by ability, curriculum, or both.

Triad A group composed of three people.

Underemployment The hiring of people in jobs that are not customarily filled by individuals with their relatively high levels of experience or education.

Underground economic system Exchanges of goods and services that occur exterior the loonshit of the normal, regulated economic system and therefore escape official record keeping.

Unit of analysis Who or what is being studied in a piece of social research.

Urbanization The growth of cities.

Value-added theory A theory suggesting that many instances of collective behavior represent efforts to change the social environment.

Values Strongly held general ideas that people share virtually what is good and bad, desirable or undesirable; values provide yardsticks for judging specific acts and goals.

Variable A logical set of attributes with different degrees of magnitude or different categories. For case, age is a variable on which people can be classified according to the number of years they accept lived.

Verstehen The effort to sympathise social beliefs in terms of the motives individuals bring to information technology.

Vertical integration A class of business arrangement that attempts to control the business environment past assuming control of one or more of its resource or business organisation outlets.

Vertical mobility Movement of an individual or a group upward or downward, from i social condition to another.

Wealth The total value (minus debts) of what is endemic.

Weberian approach The views held past disharmonize theorists who, using the ideas of Max Weber, stress the significance of conflict in social life, especially conflict amongst status groups such as those based on occupation, ethnic background, or religion.

White-collar crime Crimes committed by "respectable" individuals, oft while they practice their occupations-- for example, embezzling money or stealing figurer time.

White ethnics White Americans who value and preserve aspects of their ethnic heritage.

World systems assay A class of sociological analysis that stresses understanding national behavior in terms of historical and contemporary relationships among nations and societies .

Zero population growth (ZPG) The situation that occurs when the population of a nation or the world remains stable from one twelvemonth to the next.

© copyright 1996 Caroline Hodges Persell

Is Values Or Behaviors That Students Learn Indirectly Over The Course Of Their Schooling,

Source: https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/introtosociology/Documents/Glossary.html

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